For the first time, scientists have successfully sequenced RNA from a woolly mammoth that perished approximately 40,000 years ago, marking the oldest RNA ever studied. This remarkable achievement provides direct evidence of gene regulation in the mammoth's muscles prior to its death, revealing genetic activity during its last moments.

Researchers from Stockholm University demonstrate that RNA can endure for an astonishingly long duration, far exceeding previous assumptions about its stability. These findings open the door for the potential study of RNA viruses from the Ice Age, providing a new avenue for understanding ancient pathogens.

The study, published in the journal Cell, reveals that with RNA sequencing, researchers can better comprehend the specific genes that were active in the mammoth’s tissues shortly before its demise. Unlike DNA, which offers limited insights into the biology of extinct species, RNA provides a unique glimpse into real-time gene expression.

Emilio Mármol, the lead author of the study, previously undertook his research as a postdoctoral scholar at Stockholm University and is now positioned at the Globe Institute in Copenhagen. Collaboration with SciLifeLab and the Center for Palaeogenetics facilitated access to well-preserved mammoth tissues recovered from the Siberian permafrost. These specimens were instrumental in the successful extraction and sequencing of RNA molecules.

Historically, the fragile nature of RNA had deterred many researchers from pursuing such studies, as it was believed to degrade quickly after death. Yet, the exceptional preservation conditions allowed scientists to examine expression patterns of genes associated with muscle function and stress regulation, providing valuable insights into the mammoth's life before it was attacked by cave lions.

MicroRNAs, which regulate gene activity, were also discovered in the samples, adding an exciting layer to the findings. The presence of these molecules serves as direct evidence of gene regulation occurring during the mammoth's life, a groundbreaking revelation not seen before in such ancient specimens. Rare mutations in certain microRNAs further confirmed the mammoth’s identity and allowed for the discovery of new genes based purely on RNA data—a pioneering achievement in the analysis of ancient biology.

The implications of these findings are wide-ranging; recognized experts in the field, such as Love Dalén, suggest that this breakthrough not only enhances understanding of extinct species but also facilitates the sequencing of ancient RNA viruses preserved in Ice Age remains. Future research could integrate RNA with DNA, proteins, and other biomolecules, paving the way for profound advancements in the comprehension of ancient megafauna and their ecosystems, potentially uncovering biological layers that have remained hidden until now.